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| 人格發展(性心理發展階段Psychosexual Stages of Development) 佛洛伊德相信在生命開始的頭幾年，兒童要處理自身生物、與性有關的驅力以及社會要求間的衝突，是決定性的人格形成時期。同時，Freud 注意到嬰兒與幼兒的強烈性慾衝突中，衝突本身似乎總圍繞著身體的一些特定區域。他指出每一個身體部位，在不同的年齡會有不同的重要性，而重要性最大的部位，是那時衝突的中心所在。而從這些觀察中，他得到一套理論，叫做Psychosexual Stages of Development，每一個階段都以身體的性感區來定義。在每一個階段都會有一個衝突存在，嬰兒或幼兒必須解決這個衝突才能進到下個階段。而所謂的固著（fixation）指的是發展上的一個停頓，原因是兒童在某個性心理階段所得到的滿足太多或太少。例如:根據 Freud 的看法，嬰兒過早斷奶或吸吮過度，都可能會固著在口腔期。固著現象將以某些特殊的人格特徵出現影響童年及成年時期的生活。 |
Personality Development (Psychosexual Stages of Development) Freud believed that in the beginning years of life, a child must handle the conflict between sex related drives and social expectations. These early years are pivotal in shaping a child’s personality. At the same time, Freud noted that in infant and toddler’s strong sexual drive and conflicts, these conflicts seemed to revolve around certain parts of the body. He pointed out that each body part has different importance at different ages and the most important part of the body is the center of the conflicts. From these observations he came up with a theory called the Psychosexual Stages of Development. Each stage is defined by a distinct erogenous zone of the body. At each stage, there is a major conflict and the infant or toddler must resolve the conflict in order to progress into the next stage. The term fixation refers to a temporary pause in development. Fixation occurs when in certain psychosexual stage, the infant or toddler has too much or too little gratification. For example, according to Freud, if an infant ceased to be breast-fed too early, or was indulged in sucking, the infant would develop oral fixation. Fixation manifests as certain personality traits that would have an influence on childhood and adult lives. |
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